![]() ![]() Many other findings such as an autonomic neuropathy, cranial nerve abnormalities, altered mental status, motor weakness, cardiac, hepatic, and renal effects are described, but are less specific. ![]() Unlike exposure to most metal salts, gastrointestinal symptoms of thallium toxicity are relatively minor, and constipation is more characteristic than diarrhoea. The major manifestations of toxicity consist of a rapidly progressive, ascending, extremely painful sensory neuropathy and alopecia. Additional effects include inhibition of sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase and binding to sulfhydryl groups. Although the exact mechanism of toxicity has not been established, thallium interferes with energy production at essential steps in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Thallium enters cells by a unique process governed by its similarity in charge and ionic radius to potassium. Thallium salts are rapidly and nearly completely absorbed by virtually all routes, with gastrointestinal exposure being the most common route to produce toxicity. Additionally, environmental concerns are growing, as thallium is a waste product of coal combustion and the manufacturing of cement. Thallium salts have been used as medicinal agents, as key ingredients in a variety of manufacturing processes, and as a potent rodenticide. ![]()
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